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USGS Global Visualization Viewer: About Browse Images

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About Browse Images

All of the USGS browse images are subsampled JPEGs of selected bands from the actual sensor data. The band combination, stretch, and resolution of the browse will vary according to each sensor:

Within the Browse Image Viewer, the browse images are displayed in Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area Projection unless otherwise noted.

NOTE: Because the browse images are processed from raw uncorrected data, the positional accuracy of the scenes can only be expected to be accurate within a few pixels at full resolution. These browse images are not intended for analytical use, but only as a visual scene selection aid.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: Why is there so much color variation among the Landsat 7 browse images?

A: A custom color stretch is performed on the raw Landsat 7 data, based on individual scene content for bands 5, 4, and 3. Scenes from within the same area and/or acquisition date may vary in band content (due to differences such as cloud content or ground moisture), and this differing content will cause variation in the results of the color stretch.

Q: Why do the Landsat 7 (ETM+) browse images look so different from the Landsat 4-5 (TM) images?

A: Even though the band combination is the same, differences in the browse processing will make the final images look very different between the two sensors. Landsat 4-5 (TM) scenes have been subsampled to a much lower resolution (480 meteres), with a standardized stretch applied. Landsat 7 images are resampled to 240 meters, and each image has a customized stretch applied based on individual scene content. The Landsat 4-5 TM images will also be approximately 1/4 the size, but the actual data will cover approximately the same area as a Landsat 7 ETM+ image.

In spite of these differences between the browse images, data from the two sensor types should be fairly comparable in data content, resolution, and scene size.

Q: Why do some Landsat 7 (ETM+) browse images appear to be split midway through a scene?

A: A linear shift in color is due to gain change in the sensor, which occurs when the sensor encounters an area of consistently different reflectance (for example, when the sensor encounters snowy regions or highly reflective desert areas).

These artifacts will be apparent in the Landsat 7 browse, because the browse image has been generated directly from raw uncalibrated data. However, when the Landsat 7 order is placed, a calibration parameter file containing all gain change information will be used to process the data. Therefore, the appropriate gain and bias values will be incorporated into the scene processing. These artifacts will not exist in the final processed (Level 1) product.

Q: How is the cloud cover calculated, and why are some scenes cloudy when the cloud cover is reported to be 0%?

A: The cloud cover index is an automated calculation which may provide a useful estimate, but the algorithm is not always accurate when it encounters snow, ice, water, or other unusual scene content. Haze, thin clouds, and small clouds ("popcorn") can frequently be missed in the cloud cover assessment.

Q: Where are the Landsat night scenes?

A: Landsat night acquisitions are not currently included in the USGS Global Visualization tool. If you would like to search and order Landsat night-time (ascending pass) scenes, they are available through Earth Explorer.

Q: Why are some Landsat 4-5 TM browse so dark and low contrast?

A: Differences in the browse generation algorithms used to create the Landsat 7 ETM+ and the Landsat 4-5 TM browse result in the TM browse being sometimes significantly darker and lower contrast than similar scenes in the ETM+ inventory over the same geographic region. The differences in the browse generation algorithms have been identified and changes to the Landsat TM browse generation algorithm are scheduled. These changes will correct differences in the specifics of the method used to histogram the data before processing the contrast stretch, bringing the two algorithms closer together so the browse generated by each will be visually more similar in brightness and contrast.

The changes to the Landsat TM browse generation algorithm are scheduled for release in early March, 2005, but that will only affect the new browse being created from that date forward. There currently is not a reprocessing plan to address the dark browse in the current TM inventory. Until the new algorithm is in place and all the current browse have been reprocessed with the new algorithm, the Landsat 4-5 TM browse inventory contains a number of browse that don't reflect the true brightness and contrast of the scene data. We do not have a method to identify the exact scenes that are affected by the algorithm deficiencies, so there is no way for us to indicate for the users which browse have this "too dark" issue.

Q: Why are some Landsat TM scenes "missing" from the browse viewer?

A: The USGS Global Visualization tool will only display scenes that have browse images available in the inventory. Some scenes do exist in the USGS archive, but they do not yet have a corresponding browse images that has been processed. To access Landsat 5 TM data for which there is no browse, you will need to run a search on Earth Explorer to find the scene ID, and then contact Customer Services. As TM browse images become available in the future, they will be automatically added to the USGS Global Visualization tool.

Q: Why are there so few Landsat TM international scenes?

A: The USGS Global Visualization tool will only display scenes from the USGS archive. For many locations outside the U.S., there may be scenes that were collected by the sensor but the data is not archived or distributed by USGS EROS. These scenes may still be available from other International Ground Stations. Please note that this data is not a product of USGS EROS, and therefore the prices, available formats, and/or processing options may vary according to the data provider.

Q: Why are some of the Landsat TM browse images so blocky?

A: Apparently, the color stretch used by the processing system to create browse images for Landsat TM images does not perform well in areas of low contrast. The resulting browse images are of very low quality and probably do not indicate the real quality of the full resolution image. Imagery containing snow, ice, and clouds may experience this problem. There is nothing the USGS Global Visualization tool can do to correct this problem since the original browse images show the problem.

Q: Why do some Landsat TM browse images appear pink/red?

A: Landsat TM browse images are created using a 2% linear stretch independently on each band. The linear stretch can turn browse images over desert areas different shades of pink/red during the heat of summer instead of the sandy color it should be. The pink browse anomaly is only apparent during the summer months and subsides the rest of the year. Note: the actual data does not have this anomaly.

Q: Does red in ASTER images always represent vegetation?

A: Red color in the VNIR images generally represent vegetation.

Q: Why do some ASTER images have a 'smeared' line in them?

A: Images with smeared lines generally indicate a temporary detector-related problem during the course of acquisition. They are infrequent and irreversible. They generally result in a data gap on the image. Depending on the amount of area affected and your application needs, you may want to find an alternative scene.

Q: Why are some ASTER images completely white?

A: Completely white, or nearly completely white, browse images exist because saturated cloud cover leaves little to no useful image data.

Q: What are the Landsat MSS band designations?

A: Landsat 1,2,3 - Band 4 = green, Band 5 = red, Band 7 = near IR. Landsat 4,5 - Band 1 = green, Band 2 = red, Band 4 = near IR.

Q: Can an MSS image be compared to TM or ETM+ data?

A: All of this data is interchangeable, but the user would have to watch the band designations, and adjust the resolution (i.e. increase the pixel size) of the TM/ETM+ datasets to match the lower resolution of the MSS data.

Q: Why do the raw browse images for Landsat 4-5 TM, Landsat 1-5 MSS, and MRLC 1992 have different resolutions?

A: The old Landsat 4-5 TM, Landsat 1-5 MSS, and MRLC 1992 data inventory is made up of 480-meter resolution raw browses. Currently, the Landsat 4-5 TM data is being converted to a new media type. During this process, 240-meter resolution raw browse image are generated. Until the conversion is complete there will be a mixture of 240-meter and 480-meter resolution raw browse images in the GloVis inventory.

Q: How does Landsat 7 ETM+ SLC-off data compare to previous Landsat 7 data?

A: The center of a Landsat 7 ETM+ SLC-off scene should be very similar in quality to previous Landsat 7 data. However, the left and right edges of the scene will contain alternating scan lines of missing data (Level 1G) or duplicated data (Level 0Rp or L1R). The precise location of the affected scan lines will vary from scene to scene. It is recommended to review the 'Show Browse' image by right-clicking on the scene in the browse viewer and selecting 'Show Browse'. For more information, please review http://landsat.usgs.gov/slc_off.html.

Q: Why does the EO-1 Scene ID list a path and row that is different than the path and row of the center part of the image?

A: EO-1 imagery is collected based on a targeted center point. The path and row listed in the Scene ID represents when the EO-1 instruments began imaging, even though the target point may fall in the next row. In the diagram below, the coordinates for Target 2 fall within the WRS row below that of the coordinates for Target 1. However, since the instruments began imaging Target 1 and Target 2 in the same path/row, both images would have the same Target WRS path and Target WRS row in the Scene ID. EO-1 is not able to image both targets on the same date; therefore, the difference in the Scene IDs would show up in the Julian day of acquisition.

Image explaining issue with
    EO1 targets.

Q: Why can't I search for ASTER LIB data on GloVis?

A: Effective May 24, 2006, only ASTER LIA data will be searchable on GloVis. However, should a user select and order a scene, a drop-down option will allow the user to change the data request to LIB. (LIB products will only be produced on-demand.) Note: ASTER data can only be ordered FTP-Pull, it is no longer available on media.

Q: Why are some ASTER L1A images missing? I was able to find them when they were L1B, but not as L1A images.

A: GloVis displays the inventory of ASTER L1A images supplied by the LP DAAC. GloVis does not have the full ASTER L1A inventory since there are a large number of older granules that have extremely low resolution browse that are too small to be useful in GloVis. So, those older granules (from before September 2003) have not been made available to GloVis at this point.

The LP DAAC is reprocessing the granules in question to create the modern browse. As the browse images are created and provided to GloVis, the granules will be displayed. Until the full inventory is supplied, it might be necessary for users to use the EDG ( http://edcimswww.cr.usgs.gov/pub/imswelcome/) to find the older data.

Q: Can I find the actual gain and bias values for a Landsat scene on GloVis?

A: No, you will not find the actual gain and bias values on GloVis. Gain and bias values can only be obtained when actual data is ordered because to gain and bias values are only available in the final product metadata. These coefficients can then be applied with the DN values within the imagery to convert to accurate radiance values.

For information on gain and bias values, go to this site.

Q: If NAPP scenes cover a square area, why do they appear rectangular in GloVis?

A: NAPP browse images are provided in a geographic projection with pixels that are not square in geographic coordinates. To be properly displayed in GloVis, the browse images are resized to make the pixels square in geographic coordinates. The result is that the browse images end up being rectangular.

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